the privatization of 18 state-owned enterprises through the issuance of additional common shares and their public offering or expanded listing on the stock exchange.
This study examines the economic implications of permanent neutrality through a comparative analysis of Turkmenistan, Switzerland, and Austria. Findings show that neutrality functions not only as a political stance but also as a strategic economic asset. Turkmenistan leverages neutrality to enhance energy diplomacy and secure multi-vector export routes; Switzerland transforms it into a global reputation for financial stability and innovation; and Austria combines political neutrality with EU economic integration, positioning itself as a regional diplomatic and economic hub. Overall, neutrality strengthens credibility, supports diversified partnerships, and contributes to long-term economic resilience.
