1. Introduction

Trauma can be defined as experiences that exceed an individual’s capacity to cope and leave long-lasting psychological effects. In Türkiye, a large number of people have been exposed to traumatic events such as earthquakes, migration, economic hardship, and violence. The effects of these events often extend beyond the individuals who directly experienced them. Children and grandchildren who did not personally experience the trauma may develop similar feelings of anxiety, fear, and insecurity.

For example, a parent who has survived a major earthquake may adopt an overprotective parenting style and frequently warn their child about potential dangers. This attitude can lead the child to perceive the world as an unsafe place. Such examples provide important insight into understanding the intergenerational transmission of trauma.

2. Intergenerational Trauma from Psychological Perspectives

Psychological approaches generally explain the intergenerational transmission of trauma through family relationships and learning processes. Parents who have experienced trauma may unintentionally transmit their fears and anxieties to their children.

This situation is frequently observed in families in Türkiye that have experienced forced migration. A parent who was forced to leave their home may act with the constant belief that “everything can be lost at any moment.” This mindset can lead the child to develop a persistent sense of uncertainty and insecurity about the future.

According to attachment theory, a parent’s emotional stability and availability play a crucial role in the development of secure attachment. Difficulties in emotional regulation among parents with traumatic experiences may contribute to the development of anxious or avoidant attachment styles in their children (van der Kolk, 2014).

3. The Epigenetic Approach and Trauma

Recent research suggests that trauma can be transmitted through biological mechanisms in addition to psychological pathways. Epigenetics examines how environmental factors influence gene expression without altering the genetic structure itself.

Prolonged stress and trauma can affect the body’s responses to stress hormones. This process may increase children’s sensitivity to stress. For instance, children of individuals who have experienced intense fear and loss may display a stress response system that is more prone to anxiety.

In Türkiye, children born after major earthquakes and raised in family environments characterized by intense fear and anxiety may represent an example in which biological sensitivities interact with environmental influences.

4. Concrete Examples from Türkiye

Earthquakes represent one of the most frequently cited examples of intergenerational trauma in Türkiye. Many parents who experienced the 1999 Marmara Earthquake continue to experience intense panic during minor tremors years later. This panic can be transmitted to children who did not experience the earthquake themselves.

Another significant example involves families who grew up in environments affected by terrorism and conflict. Children of parents who live with constant security concerns may perceive the world as dangerous and unpredictable.

Furthermore, children of individuals who have experienced domestic violence may develop similar relationship problems and emotional difficulties later in life. This pattern illustrates the transmission of trauma through behavioral processes.

5. Critical Evaluation

Psychological approaches provide a strong framework for explaining the intergenerational transmission of trauma. However, these approaches tend to give limited attention to biological processes. Epigenetic studies offer valuable insights, yet clear conclusions regarding whether these changes are permanent or temporary remain unavailable.

For this reason, explaining intergenerational trauma through psychology or biology alone remains insufficient. A comprehensive understanding requires the integration of both perspectives.

6. Conclusion

Trauma represents a phenomenon that can extend beyond an individual’s lifetime and persist across generations. In societies such as Türkiye, where exposure to traumatic experiences is common, understanding the intergenerational transmission of trauma holds significant importance. When psychological processes and epigenetic mechanisms are considered together, trauma appears to be transmitted through both behavioral and biological pathways. This perspective highlights the importance of family-based and intergenerational approaches in mental health research and practice.

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